Task 1
Development of Editing
In-Camera Editing:
In-Camera Editing involves shooting a film in the sequence that it will appear in the finished Video without any editing. this is not usually used because it takes extreme precision and there is no room for error. Each shot and scene must run at the length you intended them to in the finished film, so that at the end you have the finished film. Planning is absolutely crucial, due to the fact that you only get one chance. each time a shot is finished the camera has to be moved to its next location.
Following the Action is where the camera follows the movement of a scene and the action taking place. as you can see in the video above the camera tracks along the corridor, capturing all the action that takes place in the scene.
Multiple Points of View:
Multiple points of view refers to the practice of using multiple cameras or a single camera positioned at different points and angles along a 180 Degree axis. this is more commonly used because it means the camera can get closer to the action and capture it from many different vantage points.
Shot Variation:
Shot variation is the use of multiple styles of shots to signify movement. the most common is an establishing shot which is used to set the scene. A medium shot would be used when dialogue is being exchanged, And a close up is used to focus on an item or characteristic that would go unnoticed. the video linked above has examples of all the shot types.
Manipulation of Diegetic Time and Space:
The manipulation of dietetic time and space applies to the effect added to make a person or an object gets older or younger in the film.
Film Vs. Video:
Film is physical, doesn't degrade digitally and cannot be affected by an EMP. However it does tend to burn out.
Video digital has a more dynamic range, so it can show a more detailed range of shadows, mid tones and highlights. It takes less space to store. No one edits film anymore. Its cheaper than film because it does not need to be processed by a lab each night.
Purposes
Storytelling:
We have used film for generations now to tell our stories both fictional and non. In terms of engaging the viewer, the story has to be both believable and something that the viewer can relate too. If it lacks one then the viewer is likely to lose interest quickly, and results in a flop.
Relationship to genre is important because it defines the USP and key demographic target. The two main blocks are fiction and non-fiction. Now, even though non-fiction is factual, there is still the problem of creative licencing. All this aside, genre classifications are both specific and sometimes cross over. Where it may be easy to mistake Fantasy ands Sci-Fi, it would be impossible to mistake war and Comedy. Hybridity is common in film and TV, where two or more genres come together to create a unique combination that spreads out to more than one demographic audience.
Quite often films can trigger emotions and motivate people to achieve things that they may never have thought of doing before. That person may even contribute to the film world in the future.
Combining Shots Into Sequences:
Combining Shots Into Sequences Involves placing shots together and making the scene flow smoothly. When done correctly the edits are invisible to the audience. If not done properly, the cuts become visible and does not look appealing to the eye.
Creating Pace:
Creating pace refers to the editing process where the cuts are sped up or slowed down. Fast cuts increases pace where as slow cuts create a slow pace. Fast pace is more present in action movies and slow more present in drama, as so shown beneath.
Die Hard 4.0
The Kings Speech (Spoilers)
Conventions & Techniques
Seamless:
Seamless editing refers to when a cut or dissolve is edited so that it does not draw attention as a transition. This is important to keeping a fluid movement through the scenes so that the audience cannot see any of the edits, or don't get distracted from the story.
Continuity:
Continuity in film is used to describe the consistent flow of the film and scene. If the character wears a ring on his hand, the ring will be on that hand each time we see him on screen.
Jump-Cuts:
Jump cuts are edits that help move the story forward. Jump cuts often symbolise a change from one character/place to another. Jump cuts are quick and moves to a new scene.
Parallel Editing and 180 Degree Rule:
This is symbolised by a line that the camera can only stay on one side of.
Transition:
A transition is used to create a movement that is interesting. There are many different transitions, to name a few, dissolve; fade; cut...
Point of View Shot:
A point of view shot is when the camera is pointed at something from the perspective of a character.
Shot-Reverse-Shot:
This is commonly used between two characters having a conversation, where the camera cuts between a shot of each person.
Withholding and Providing Information:
Withholding information is where the audience knows something that the character doesn't yet. Providing information is where the audience knows as much as the character.
Crosscutting:
This is used to show different locations at the same time. Used a lot in CSI during raids, this is an effective way to show both teams as they enter a building.
Cutting to the Soundtrack:
This simple process involves the matching the cuts/imagery (footsteps, lip-sync) to the beat of the soundtrack.
Task2
Preparation Techniques
Checking Materials For Faults:
Checking materials for faults refers to looking back through the recorded material for that particular shoot. This is necessary to find any faults in video and audio, so that the director can arrange a re-shoot.
Synchronising Rushes:
This is when audio needs to be synced up to the postage. This is done by matching the image if the clapperboard closing, with the loud spike in the audio. This helps sync speech and movement.
Producing a Rushes Log:
Producing a Rushes Log:
The log contains the stored footage and audio along with details like time, date, actors, angle, e.c.t.
Making up a Script:
This is where notes are made on the script to help the editor to understand how the director wants the film edited. This include cuts, transitions, sound effects, e.c.t.
Labelling Tapes:
While this has become obsolete, we still label audio and video in the same way to identify the specific set we need.
Storing tapes and Film:
Film is stored in metal containers to keep the reel from degrading over time.
Producing an Edit Decision List:
This list is created by the director for the editor to use when editing the footage on where to put SPFX and audio.
Preparing to Edit
Bins:
Bins refer to the term used in Avid for separating and sorting different audio, SPFX and video. Originally, bin was the literal term for the containers that film is stored in when it was sent of to be processed.
Importing Clips:
Importing clips is simple and fast. Simply highlight the folders you want to import, then drag and drop them into the corresponding bins.
Timelines:
The time line is the points between which the story in the film exists, when it ends so does the film.
The timeline is where most of the editing is done. The green bar represents the video image and the blue bars represent the right and left audio. The j and l buttons can be used to search through the footage frame by frame. Pressing then multiple times increases the speed at which you play the footage.
Storage and Folder Management:
Storing the folders is the most important thing to do once the files are on the computer. First the files should be split into audio, video and SPFX. It is also essential to back up the files on an external drive or SD card.
Online and Offline Editing:
Offline editing involves editing with a reduced quality copies of the media files. This allows more space to be used effectively and improve playback. This helps when using a computer with low processing power.
Online editing starts off in offline editing. While it doesn't involve editing the footage, it focuses on quality of image, sound and adding text and fine tuning colours.
Formats:
A video file normally consists of a container format (e.g. Matroska) containing video data in a video coding format (e.g. VP9) alongside audio data in an audio coding format (e.g. Opus). The container format can also contain synchronization information, subtitles, and metadata such as title etc.. A standardized (or in some cases de facto standard) video file type such as .webm is a profile specified by a restriction on which container format and which video and audio compression formats are allowed.
Resolution:
Resolution used to measure the degree of sharpness of a computer generated image by the number of pixels across and down the screen.
Task 3
Editing Technology
Software Applications:
Professional software has been made available to the public. These products are widely used in the filming industry. Some examples include:
- Avid
- Windows Movie Maker
- iMovie
- Sony Vegas pro
Non-Linear Editing:
This is when the scenes of the film have been rearranged so that the appear to fall chronologically. this is often used to throw the audience off the trail of the timeline.
Linear Editing:
This is when the events of the film fall in chronological order, from the beginning to the end of the film.
High Definition:
High definition refers to the moving image having a resolution from 720p-4k.
Standard Definition:
Standard definition is when the resolution is lower than 720p.
Tape:
Tape is where we used to store footage before the development of digital technology.
Hard Disk:
A hard disk is how footage and audio is stored digitally. They allow for large amounts of data to be stored, and of course, the bigger the better.
Exporting Productions:
this is where you render the effects and cuts, and decide which output format to export in.
File Types:
Each of the file types is used so that the footage can be played on different systems.
- .AVI is used for windows computers
- .MOV is used for in QuickTime Multimedia formatting
Compression:
Compression is used to lower the quality of a video to make the file smaller and easier to store. The downside is that the resolution is downgraded.
Editing Process
Seamless:
Seamless editing is where the actions move fluidly through a cut.
Continuity:
Continuity is used so that everything in the first shot is the same as the next in sequence concerning costume and props.
Montage:
A montage is a series of shots used to progress time in the film and is often used in training scenes.
Jump-cutting:
Jump cuts are used to progress time and changing location quickly. here is an example:
Parallel Editing:
This clip from inception shows how parallel editing works.
Cut:
Dissolve:
This is how to and a dissolve effect to a video using avid.
Fade:
A fade is like a dissolve but instead of revealing another video, it just goes to black.
Cutaways:
A cutaway involves cutting scenes so that they travel between two locations.
Cutting on action:
this refers to when the editor cuts from one shot to another view of the same action.
Intercutting:
Intercutting involves cutting between a variation of shot types.
Pace Effectively:
Fast pace cutting is used to increase the energy of the scene and slow pace cutting can create drama and tension.
Fast pace scene: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rPLhC7IpVFQ
Slow pace scene: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lbO9LhD9PsI
Synchronies sound and vision:
This is when the footage and audio needs to be matched with the clapper board striking sound and frame.
Mix Soundtracks:
This is when multiple instruments need to be put together and synced to create the sound track.
Overlap Sound:
This is when more than one sound is played at once. this includes wild track, soundtrack, voice and SFX.
Post-Production Tools
On Screen Text:
On screen text refers to indents during shots and the end screen credits.
Image Editing:
The button on the bottom of the bar at the left opens a window that allows the user to change the colour, contrast and saturation, to improve the overall lighting in a scene.
